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What is Endocrine gland?
Ductless gland
Glands who prepare their secretions Hormone and release into blood directly.
Endocrine Gland VS Exocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland
Secretion directly in blood (Endo) Secretion outside blood (Exo)
Secretion without duct (ductless) Secretion through duct (duct containing)
Secretion of chemical (Hormone) Secretion of chemical is Enzyme.
Example: Pituitary gland, Thyroid
gland, Adrenal gland, Hypothalamus,
Thymus gland, Gonads, Pancreas, etc.
Example: Salivary gland, Lacrimal
gland, Gastric glands, Pancreas, etc.
1. Pituitary Gland Master Gland
Master Gland
Adenohypophyses: Part of Pituitary Gland, by which hormones are
synthesized and released (Anterior Pituitary Gland and Intermediate
Pituitary Gland).
Neurohypophyses: Part of Pituitary Gland, whose hormones are
synthesized by Hypothalamus and released by Posterior Pituitary
Gland.
Hormones secreted by Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland Intermediate Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
FSH
TSH
LH
ACTH
Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Growth Hormone (somatotrophin)
Also referred as SOMATOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
Induces mitosis of somatic cells
Promotes growth
Induces longitudinal growth of BONEs
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Effects of GH on Metabolism:
Fat metabolism: Increases lipolysis –INCREASES Free Fatty acid Utilizes Fat over
C and P.
Carbohydrate metabolism: Decreases utilization of Glucose
Increases BGL (Diabetogenic)
Protein metabolism: Increases amino acid uptake and increases PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
REGULATIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE:
GHRH: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormoneinduces GH release
Somatostatin inhibits GH release
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
In Child DWARFISM GIGANTISM
In Adult ACROMICRA ACROMEGALY
MIDGETS JOKER
PROLACTIN
Also referred as Lactogenic Hormone/ Mamotrophin.
FUNCTIONS:
After delivery in Pregnant women induces Lactation milk formation in mammary
gland.
REGULATIONS:
PRH: Prolactin Releasing Hormoneinduces Prolactin release
Dopamine inhibits Prolactin release
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
Reduced milk formation in female;
decreased growth of mammary
gland
GYANACOMASTIA in Male
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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Also referred as THYROTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
Increases growth of Thyroid gland Increases T3-T4 secretions
REGULATIONS:
TRH: Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone induces TSH release
Somatostatin inhibits TSH release
ACTH (Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone)
Also referred as CORTICOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
Increases secretions from ADRENAL CORTEX an outer part of Adrenal gland
REGULATIONS:
CRF: Corticotrophin Releasing Factor induces ACTH release
CRIF: Corticotrophin Releasing Inhibitory Factor inhibits ACTH release
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Also referred as GONADOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
Induces gametogenesis
In male: Induces Spermatogenesis
In female: Induces Oogenesis and maturation of Graphian capsule
REGULATIONS:
GnRF: Gonadotrophin Releasing Factor induces FSH/LH release
GnRIF: Gonadotrophin Releasing Inhibitory Factorinhibits FSH/LH release
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Also referred as ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone) -GONADOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
Gamete Releasing Factor –induces release of gametes
In male: activates Lading’s cells and increase release of Testosterone
In female: induces formation of Corpus Luteum, induces OVULATION
MSH (Melanocytes Stimulating Hormone)
Also referred as INTERMEDIN
FUNCTIONS:
Increases melanin synthesis in melanocytes in mammals.
Responsible for METACHROSIS in other animals
Its FUNCTION IN HUMANS IS YET NOT CLEAR
OXYTOCIN:
Known as MILK LET DOWN HORMONE
FUNCTIONS:
Causes uterine constriction ECBOLIC ACTION
INDUCES LABOR in last period of pregnancy in female
Induces MILK SECRETION from mammalian glands
VASOPRESSIN:
Also referred as Anti Diuretic Hormone ADH
FUNCTIONS:
Induces vasoconstriction Vaso-Pressin
INDUCES WATER REABOSPTION and INCREASES GFR in nephron
Overall REDUCTION in Urine formation in human kidneys
HYPERTENSIVE HORMONE
Deficiency of ADH causes Diabetes insipidus
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Thyroid Gland The biggest Gland
Located in ventral side of THROAT
ANATOMY:
Made of TWO lobes
On ventral side connected with each other by ISTHMUS.
HISTOLOGY:
Comprise of Thyroid globules Synthesize and store T3–T4
Globules are filled with gelatin like jelly
In-between these globules, C-cells are present Form CALCITONIN
Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
It takes place in FOUR steps:
Iodine trapping: KI like salts taken up by Thyroid globules
Oxidation of Iodine: KI I2
Carboxylation of I2: I2fuses with Tyrosine forms MIT(Mono IodoTyrosine) –DIT (Di
IodoTyrosine)
Fusion –1 MIT + 1 DIT Tri-iodothyronine(T3) –1 DIT + 1 DIT Tetraiodothyronine–Thyroxine (T
Thyroid Hormones T3-T4 Function
Induces growth, development and metamorphosis
Increases BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) Increases metabolic processes
Calorigenic HormoneIncreases energy production
Diabetogenic hormone Increases blood sugar level
Increases protein and fat metabolism
Calcitonin Increase Ca2+absorption in bone Increases Bone density
Induces Erythropoiesis
Produces Tachycardia
Increases Peristalsis
Increases myelination of nerve fiber
Thyroid Gland Abnormalities
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
In Child: CRETINISM
In Adult: MYXOEDEMA
GOITER (Simple and Diffuse)
HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE
OR
GRAVE’S DISEASE
OR
THYROTOXICOSIS
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Parathyroid Gland The Collip Gland
Anatomy: Two pairs on dorsal side of Thyroid gland
PARATHORMONE: The Collip’s Hormone PTH
Function
Increases blood calcium = Hyper Calcemic hormone Increases intestinal
Ca2+absorption; Increases Ca2+reabsorption from nephron, Leaches Ca2+from
bone to blood.
Decreases blood PO4
3-
-by increasing urinary elimination of it.
In short, Calcitonin has OPPOSITE action to that of PTH; in other words both of
them REGULATE Blood Ca2+and PO4
3-
level.
Adrenal Gland The Supra-Renal Gland
Anatomy: One pair over each Kidney
Main two parts : Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex: made of THREE parts
Zona glomerulosa Outer most partMINERALOCORTICOIDS
Zona fasciculate Middle partGLUCOCORTICOIDS
Zona reticularis Inner most partANDROGENS
Adrenal Medulla releasing CATECHOLAMINES
ADRENAL CORTEX – MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Also named as ALDOSTERONE
Functions:
Increases Na+
- Clreabsorption and K
+
- PO4
3-
secretion from DCT
Maintains water balance and electrolyte balance in body ECF
Conn’s Disease: Hyper secretion of Aldosterone
Increase water retention & thus increase blood volume
Hypertension
Hypo secretion of Aldosterone Dehydration
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ADRENAL CORTEX GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Also named as CORTISOL Anti-STRESS hormone
Functions:
CARBOHYDRATE metabolism:
Induces GLUCONEOGENESIS
Increases Blood Glucose Level (BGL) and induces Hyperglycemia
PROTEIN metabolism:
Induces Proteolysis and decreases cellular uptake of amino acid
LIPID metabolism:
Induces Lipolysis but leads to redistribution of fat into abdomen like parts
ADRENAL CORTEXGLUCOCORTICOIDS
Functions:
NUCLEIC ACID metabolism:
Decreases Nucleic acid synthesis
Induces ERYTHROPOIESIS:
Anti-inflammatory and Immuno-suppressive
Leukopenia – Thrombocytopenia
Water retention and Na+ reabsorption
Reduces MENTAL STRESS
GLUCO-CORTICOIDS ABNORMALITIES
Hypo secretion:
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Hyper secretion:
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Hypoglycemia
Postural hypotension
GI Disturbances
Weakness
Hyperglycemia
Moon like face
Buffalo hump
Poor immunity and wound healing
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Loss of body weight
Darkening of skin and Blurred vision
Thin Skin and Limbs but swollen
abdomen
Osteoporosis and Gynecomast
ADRENAL CORTEXANDROGENS
Usually in male or female ANDROGEN – TESTOSTERONE is secreted
but in very small quantity
The gender characteristics are due to the hormones released by gonadal
hormones only viz.
Testosterone in male while
Estrogen – progesterone in female
Hyper secretion Adrenal VIRILISM
Adrenal Medulla: Catecholamines Adrenaline and Noradrenaline.
ADRENAL MEDULLA Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
32
CATECHOLAMINES
…………………………………….Fight or Flight…………………………….
Functions:
Increased Heart Functioning
Bronchodilation
Mydriasis
Piloerection…………. Increased Sweating…………….. Decreased Urination
Glycogenolysis Diabetogenic Hormone
Induces Lipolysis and Proteolysis
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Thymus GlandThymosin
Histology:
Comprised of lymphatic cells, macrophage, hassall’s corpuscles
Functions:
Maintains body immunity before puberty period
Maturation of T-lymphocytes
Provides cell mediated immunity
It get involved after puberty period.
PANCREAS MIX OR COMPOSITE GLAND
COMPOUND GLAND having both Exocrine and Endocrine part.
Endocrine partIslets of Langerhans: 1 – 2 Million
PANCREAS GLUCAGON
Peptide Hormone
Functions:
Mainly works on Liver
Induces Glycogenolysis (Breakdown of Glycogen forming glucose)
Induces Gluconeogenesis (Forming glucose from other than carbohydrate source like P/L)
Decreases cellular Glucose uptake and utilization
Increases BGL HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE
PANCREAS INSULIN
Peptide Hormone
Functions:
Increases cellular Glucose uptake and utilization
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Mainly works on Liver and Adipose tissue
Induces Glycogenesis (Forming Glycogen from glucose)
Decreases BGL HYPOGLYCEMIC HORMONE
Insulin and Glucagon together maintain Homeostasis of BGL
GONADS
TESTIS TESTOSTERONE
One pair of Testis present in Scrotal bag major endocrine gland as well as reproductive
organ.
Landing’s cells or Interstitial cells of testis release Testosterone.
Functions of Testosterone:
Induces growth of accessory male reproductive organs
Muscular Growth
Induces Hair growth on face and body parts
Aggression
Low Pitch Voice
Induces spermatogenesis
ANABOLIC HORMONE
Induces Male libido Attraction towards opposite gender
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Estrogen and Progesterone
One pair Ovaries major reproductive organ releases ovum during menses
Estrogen released by developing Graafian corpuscles
Progesterone released by Corpus luteum
Functions of Progesterone:
In female, helps in maintaining Pregnancy Pregnancy Hormone
Thicken the Endometrium of Uterus
Prevents contraction of Uterine wall Prevent Miscourage/Abortion
Induces growth of Mammary gland
Increases Alveoli formation
Induces milk secretion
Functions of Estrogen
In Female, develops Accessary Reproductive organs.
Induces Mammary growth
High Pitch Voice Feminine voice
Induces Female Libido
Increases Bone density
Increases blood formation
Decreases Cholesterol
Increases dimension of Pelvic girdle
Inhibit hair growth on body parts but induces hair growth on Underarms and
Pubic part.
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Human Endocrine System – Exam Questions
1. _______is not a hyperglycemic hormone.
A. Growth hormone
B. Thyroxine
C. Insulin
D. Glucocorticoids
2. ____ is referred to as Anti-stress hormone.
A. Sex hormone
B. Adrenaline
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Growth hormone
3. _____ is producing Hypercalcemia.
A. Calcitonin
B. ACTH
C. PTH
D. LH
4. Which of the following hormone is also referred to as gamato releasing hormone?
A. Estrogen
B. LH
C. FSH
D. Prolactin
5. Which hormone is also referred to as the Milk Let Down hormone?
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. Prolactin
D. Oxytocin
6. The training school of T cells!
A. Thymus
B. Pituitary
C. Adrenal
D. Thyroid
7. Which part of the body secrets calorigenic hormone?
A. Pituitary
B. Gonad
C. Thyroid
D. Pineal
8. The hormone released from the heart can produce ____.
A. Hypotension
B. Hypertension
C. Vasoconstriction
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D. Can't say
9. Vasopressin is synthesized in ____.
A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Hypothalamus
D. Pituitary gland
10. Deficiency of ____ can leads to mentally, physical, and sexually retarded baby
development.
A. Calcitonin
B. Insulin
C. Growth Hormone
D. Thyroxin
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