Endocrine System Human Anatomy and Physiology-II notes with MCQ B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester 2021 (2020-2021) Previous Year's Question Papers/Notes Download - HK Technical PGIMS

BP201T (Human Anatomy and Physiology-II) Endocrine System notes with MCQ

BP201T ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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What is Endocrine gland?
 Ductless gland
 Glands who prepare their secretions Hormone and release into blood directly.
Endocrine Gland VS Exocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland
 Secretion directly in blood (Endo) Secretion outside blood (Exo)
 Secretion without duct (ductless) Secretion through duct (duct containing)
 Secretion of chemical (Hormone) Secretion of chemical is Enzyme.
 Example: Pituitary gland, Thyroid
gland, Adrenal gland, Hypothalamus,
Thymus gland, Gonads, Pancreas, etc.
 Example: Salivary gland, Lacrimal
gland, Gastric glands, Pancreas, etc.
1. Pituitary Gland Master Gland
 Master Gland
 Adenohypophyses: Part of Pituitary Gland, by which hormones are
synthesized and released (Anterior Pituitary Gland and Intermediate
Pituitary Gland).
 Neurohypophyses: Part of Pituitary Gland, whose hormones are
synthesized by Hypothalamus and released by Posterior Pituitary
Gland.
Hormones secreted by Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland Intermediate Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Gland
 Growth Hormone
 Prolactin
 FSH
 TSH
 LH
 ACTH
 Melanocyte Stimulating
 Hormone
 Oxytocin
 Vasopressin
Growth Hormone (somatotrophin)
 Also referred as SOMATOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Induces mitosis of somatic cells
 Promotes growth
 Induces longitudinal growth of BONEs
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Effects of GH on Metabolism:
 Fat metabolism: Increases lipolysis –INCREASES Free Fatty acid Utilizes Fat over
C and P.
 Carbohydrate metabolism: Decreases utilization of Glucose
Increases BGL (Diabetogenic)
 Protein metabolism: Increases amino acid uptake and increases PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
REGULATIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE:
 GHRH: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormoneinduces GH release
 Somatostatin  inhibits GH release
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
In Child DWARFISM GIGANTISM
In Adult ACROMICRA ACROMEGALY
MIDGETS JOKER
PROLACTIN
 Also referred as Lactogenic Hormone/ Mamotrophin.
FUNCTIONS:
 After delivery in Pregnant women induces Lactation milk formation in mammary
gland.
REGULATIONS:
 PRH: Prolactin Releasing Hormoneinduces Prolactin release
 Dopamine inhibits Prolactin release
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
 Reduced milk formation in female;
decreased growth of mammary
gland
GYANACOMASTIA in Male
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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
 Also referred as THYROTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Increases growth of Thyroid gland Increases T3-T4 secretions
REGULATIONS:
 TRH: Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone induces TSH release
 Somatostatin inhibits TSH release
ACTH (Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone)
 Also referred as CORTICOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Increases secretions from ADRENAL CORTEX an outer part of Adrenal gland
REGULATIONS:
 CRF: Corticotrophin Releasing Factor induces ACTH release
 CRIF: Corticotrophin Releasing Inhibitory Factor inhibits ACTH release
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
 Also referred as GONADOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Induces gametogenesis
 In male: Induces Spermatogenesis
 In female: Induces Oogenesis and maturation of Graphian capsule
REGULATIONS:
 GnRF: Gonadotrophin Releasing Factor induces FSH/LH release
 GnRIF: Gonadotrophin Releasing Inhibitory Factorinhibits FSH/LH release
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
 Also referred as ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone) -GONADOTROPHIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Gamete Releasing Factor –induces release of gametes
 In male: activates Lading’s cells and increase release of Testosterone
 In female: induces formation of Corpus Luteum, induces OVULATION
MSH (Melanocytes Stimulating Hormone)
 Also referred as INTERMEDIN
FUNCTIONS:
 Increases melanin synthesis in melanocytes in mammals.
 Responsible for METACHROSIS in other animals
 Its FUNCTION IN HUMANS IS YET NOT CLEAR
OXYTOCIN:
 Known as MILK LET DOWN HORMONE
FUNCTIONS:
 Causes uterine constriction ECBOLIC ACTION
 INDUCES LABOR in last period of pregnancy in female
 Induces MILK SECRETION from mammalian glands
VASOPRESSIN:
 Also referred as Anti Diuretic Hormone ADH
FUNCTIONS:
 Induces vasoconstriction Vaso-Pressin
 INDUCES WATER REABOSPTION and INCREASES GFR in nephron
 Overall REDUCTION in Urine formation in human kidneys
 HYPERTENSIVE HORMONE
 Deficiency of ADH causes Diabetes insipidus
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Thyroid Gland The biggest Gland
 Located in ventral side of THROAT
ANATOMY:
 Made of TWO lobes
 On ventral side connected with each other by ISTHMUS.
HISTOLOGY:
 Comprise of Thyroid globules Synthesize and store T3–T4
 Globules are filled with gelatin like jelly
 In-between these globules, C-cells are present Form CALCITONIN
Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
It takes place in FOUR steps:
 Iodine trapping: KI like salts taken up by Thyroid globules
 Oxidation of Iodine: KI I2
 Carboxylation of I2: I2fuses with Tyrosine forms MIT(Mono IodoTyrosine) –DIT (Di
IodoTyrosine)
 Fusion –1 MIT + 1 DIT Tri-iodothyronine(T3) –1 DIT + 1 DIT Tetraiodothyronine–Thyroxine (T
Thyroid Hormones T3-T4 Function
 Induces growth, development and metamorphosis
 Increases BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) Increases metabolic processes
 Calorigenic HormoneIncreases energy production
 Diabetogenic hormone Increases blood sugar level
 Increases protein and fat metabolism
 Calcitonin Increase Ca2+absorption in bone Increases Bone density
 Induces Erythropoiesis
 Produces Tachycardia
 Increases Peristalsis
 Increases myelination of nerve fiber
Thyroid Gland Abnormalities
Hypo secretion Hyper secretion
 In Child: CRETINISM
 In Adult: MYXOEDEMA
 GOITER (Simple and Diffuse)
 HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE
OR
GRAVE’S DISEASE
OR
THYROTOXICOSIS
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Parathyroid Gland The Collip Gland
 Anatomy: Two pairs on dorsal side of Thyroid gland
PARATHORMONE: The Collip’s Hormone PTH
Function
 Increases blood calcium = Hyper Calcemic hormone Increases intestinal
Ca2+absorption; Increases Ca2+reabsorption from nephron, Leaches Ca2+from
bone to blood.
 Decreases blood PO4
3-
-by increasing urinary elimination of it.
 In short, Calcitonin has OPPOSITE action to that of PTH; in other words both of
them REGULATE Blood Ca2+and PO4
3-
level.
Adrenal Gland The Supra-Renal Gland
 Anatomy: One pair over each Kidney
Main two parts : Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla
 Adrenal Cortex: made of THREE parts
 Zona glomerulosa Outer most partMINERALOCORTICOIDS
 Zona fasciculate Middle partGLUCOCORTICOIDS
 Zona reticularis Inner most partANDROGENS
 Adrenal Medulla releasing CATECHOLAMINES
ADRENAL CORTEX – MINERALOCORTICOIDS
 Also named as ALDOSTERONE
Functions:
 Increases Na+
- Clreabsorption and K
+
- PO4
3-
secretion from DCT
 Maintains water balance and electrolyte balance in body ECF
 Conn’s Disease: Hyper secretion of Aldosterone
 Increase water retention & thus increase blood volume
 Hypertension
 Hypo secretion of Aldosterone  Dehydration
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ADRENAL CORTEX GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Also named as CORTISOL Anti-STRESS hormone
Functions:
 CARBOHYDRATE metabolism:
Induces GLUCONEOGENESIS
Increases Blood Glucose Level (BGL) and induces Hyperglycemia
 PROTEIN metabolism:
Induces Proteolysis and decreases cellular uptake of amino acid
 LIPID metabolism:
Induces Lipolysis but leads to redistribution of fat into abdomen like parts
ADRENAL CORTEXGLUCOCORTICOIDS
Functions:
 NUCLEIC ACID metabolism:
Decreases Nucleic acid synthesis
 Induces ERYTHROPOIESIS:
 Anti-inflammatory and Immuno-suppressive
 Leukopenia – Thrombocytopenia
 Water retention and Na+ reabsorption
 Reduces MENTAL STRESS
GLUCO-CORTICOIDS ABNORMALITIES
Hypo secretion:
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Hyper secretion:
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
 Hypoglycemia
 Postural hypotension
 GI Disturbances
 Weakness
 Hyperglycemia
 Moon like face
 Buffalo hump
 Poor immunity and wound healing
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 Loss of body weight
 Darkening of skin and Blurred vision
 Thin Skin and Limbs but swollen
abdomen
 Osteoporosis and Gynecomast
ADRENAL CORTEXANDROGENS
Usually in male or female ANDROGEN – TESTOSTERONE is secreted
but in very small quantity
The gender characteristics are due to the hormones released by gonadal
hormones only viz.
 Testosterone in male while
 Estrogen – progesterone in female
 Hyper secretion  Adrenal VIRILISM
 Adrenal Medulla: Catecholamines  Adrenaline and Noradrenaline.
ADRENAL MEDULLA  Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
32
CATECHOLAMINES
…………………………………….Fight or Flight…………………………….
Functions:
 Increased Heart Functioning
 Bronchodilation
 Mydriasis
 Piloerection…………. Increased Sweating…………….. Decreased Urination
 Glycogenolysis  Diabetogenic Hormone
 Induces Lipolysis and Proteolysis
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Thymus GlandThymosin
Histology:
 Comprised of lymphatic cells, macrophage, hassall’s corpuscles
Functions:
Maintains body immunity before puberty period
Maturation of T-lymphocytes
Provides cell mediated immunity
 It get involved after puberty period.
PANCREAS  MIX OR COMPOSITE GLAND
COMPOUND GLAND having both Exocrine and Endocrine part.
Endocrine partIslets of Langerhans: 1 – 2 Million
PANCREAS GLUCAGON
Peptide Hormone
Functions:
 Mainly works on Liver
 Induces Glycogenolysis (Breakdown of Glycogen  forming glucose)
 Induces Gluconeogenesis (Forming glucose from other than carbohydrate source like P/L)
 Decreases cellular Glucose uptake and utilization
Increases BGL  HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE
PANCREAS  INSULIN
Peptide Hormone
Functions:
 Increases cellular Glucose uptake and utilization
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 Mainly works on Liver and Adipose tissue
 Induces Glycogenesis (Forming Glycogen from glucose)
 Decreases BGL  HYPOGLYCEMIC HORMONE
 Insulin and Glucagon together maintain Homeostasis of BGL
GONADS
TESTIS TESTOSTERONE
 One pair of Testis present in Scrotal bag  major endocrine gland as well as reproductive
organ.
 Landing’s cells or Interstitial cells of testis release Testosterone.
Functions of Testosterone:
 Induces growth of accessory male reproductive organs
 Muscular Growth
 Induces Hair growth on face and body parts
 Aggression
 Low Pitch Voice
 Induces spermatogenesis
 ANABOLIC HORMONE
 Induces Male libido  Attraction towards opposite gender
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Estrogen and Progesterone
 One pair Ovaries  major reproductive organ  releases ovum during menses
 Estrogen  released by developing Graafian corpuscles
 Progesterone  released by Corpus luteum
Functions of Progesterone:
 In female, helps in maintaining Pregnancy  Pregnancy Hormone
 Thicken the Endometrium of Uterus
 Prevents contraction of Uterine wall  Prevent Miscourage/Abortion
 Induces growth of Mammary gland
 Increases Alveoli formation
 Induces milk secretion
Functions of Estrogen
 In Female, develops Accessary Reproductive organs.
 Induces Mammary growth
 High Pitch Voice Feminine voice
 Induces Female Libido
 Increases Bone density
 Increases blood formation
 Decreases Cholesterol
 Increases dimension of Pelvic girdle
 Inhibit hair growth on body parts but induces hair growth on Underarms and
Pubic part.
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Human Endocrine System – Exam Questions
1. _______is not a hyperglycemic hormone.
A. Growth hormone
B. Thyroxine
C. Insulin
D. Glucocorticoids
2. ____ is referred to as Anti-stress hormone.
A. Sex hormone
B. Adrenaline
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Growth hormone
3. _____ is producing Hypercalcemia.
A. Calcitonin
B. ACTH
C. PTH
D. LH
4. Which of the following hormone is also referred to as gamato releasing hormone?
A. Estrogen
B. LH
C. FSH
D. Prolactin
5. Which hormone is also referred to as the Milk Let Down hormone?
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. Prolactin
D. Oxytocin
6. The training school of T cells!
A. Thymus
B. Pituitary
C. Adrenal
D. Thyroid
7. Which part of the body secrets calorigenic hormone?
A. Pituitary
B. Gonad
C. Thyroid
D. Pineal
8. The hormone released from the heart can produce ____.
A. Hypotension
B. Hypertension
C. Vasoconstriction
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D. Can't say
9. Vasopressin is synthesized in ____.
A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Hypothalamus
D. Pituitary gland
10. Deficiency of ____ can leads to mentally, physical, and sexually retarded baby
development.
A. Calcitonin
B. Insulin
C. Growth Hormone
D. Thyroxin