BP103T Nasal drops B.Pharmacy 1st Semester 2022 (2021-2022) Previous Year's Question Papers/Notes Download - HK Technical PGIMS

NASALDROPS
LATINTERM:NARISTILLAE
Nasaldropsareaqueouspreparationsofdrugs,intendedforinstillation
intonostrilswiththehelpofadropper.Theyaregenerallyusedfortheir
antiseptic,localanalgesicorvasoconstrictionproperties.
Medicamentscommonlyusedare::
Medicamentscommonlyusedare:
Anti-inflammatory:corticosteroids,betamethasone.
Sympathaomimetics:Ephedrinehydrochloride
Decongestants:phenylephrine,oxymetazole,Tetrahydrozoline
hydrochloride,oxymetazolehydrochloride
Nasaldropsaregenerallyformulatedtoresemblethenasalsecrection.
Hencenasaldropsshouldbeisotonicandslightlybuffered,tomaintain
pH5.5–7.5.Theviscosityofnasaldropsshouldbesimilartothe
viscosityofthenasalsecretions.Thereforeviscosityofnasaldropsis
adjustedwiththehelpofthickeningagentslikemethylcellulose,
hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseForpreparationofnasaldrops,generally
aqueousvehiclesisused.oilsarenotpreferredasvehicles,because
oilydropsinhibittheciliarymovementofthenasalmucosaandeven
causeslipoidalpneumonia(dropsofoilentersthelungs).
Sincethenasaldropsisinstilledintonasalcavity,thatwillbeincontact
withmucousmembraneofnose,itshouldbeclarifiedbypassing
throughsinteredglassfunnel.beforemakinghefinalvolumewithwater
EXAMPLESFORNASALDROPS:Ephedrinehydrochloridenasaldrops,
Phenylephrinenasaldrops,Oxymetazolinenasaldrops,Betamethasone
nasaldrops.
FORMULATION:
METHODOFPREPARATION:Simplesolutionmethodisemployedfor
thepreparationofnasaldrops,becausemostofthedrugsandadditives
usedarewatersoluble.
IngredientstypeExamples
1.vehiclesPurifiedwater
2.fortonicityadjustmentSodiumchloride,dextrose
3.bufferPhosphatebuffer(pH-6.5)
4.preservativesChlorobutonol(0.5%),benzalkoniumchloride(0.01to
0.05%),Aromaticalcohols(0.5to0.9%)
DISPENSING:Nasaldropsaregenerallydispensedinsmall(10-15ml
capacity)clearoramberedcolouredbottlewithadropperfittedwith
rubberteat.Butnowadays,nasaldropsaredispensedinsmall,fluted
plasticcontainersmadeupofpolyethylenewith“builtindroppers”
(bottlepreviouslysealedwithdropper).
Nasaldropsshouldbeusedwithinmonth(fourweeks)afteropening
thesealofthecontainers.ifanyunusedamountofnasaldropsis
present,thatshouldbediscardedafteronemonth,toavoid
contaminationfrommicroorganisms,ifitisstoredforlongertime.
STORAGE:Nasaldropsshouldbestoredincoolplace.
LABEL::
LABEL:Nasaldropsshouldbearnecessaryrequirementsofliquid
dosageforms.inaddition,itshouldcontainauxilliarylabelslike,
FOREXTERNALUSEONLY.
USEONLYINTHENOSTRILORFORNASALUSEONLY.
NUMBEROFDROPSTOBEISTILLEDPERSINGLETIMEDISCARDTHE
CONTAINERAFTERONEMOUNTHOFTHEOPENINGOFSEAL
(CONTAINERS).NOTFORINJECTION.
DONOTTOUCHTHETIPOFTHEDROPPER.
DONOTDILUTEWITHWATERBEFOREUSEKEEPAWAYFROM
CHILDREN.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLESEPHEDRINEHYDROCHLORIDENASALDROPSB.P.C
PHENYLEPHIRINEHYDROCHLORIDENASALDROPS
EPHEDRINEHYDROCHLORIDENASALDROPSB.P.C:
EPHEDRINEHYDROCHLORIDENASALDROPSB.P.C
THEORY:
 Inthispreparation,ephedrinehydrochlorideactsasnasal
decongestant.Sodiumchlorideisusedtomakenasaldrops
isotonicwithnasalsecretion.
 ChlorbutolisusedaspreservativeSaltslikeephedrine
hydrochlorideandsodiumchloridearesolubleinwater,but
chlorbutolisavolatilesubstanceanditdissolvesveryslowly,in
presenceofsaltsatroomtemperature.Henceitrequiresvigorous
shaking,withmaximumamountofwaterInordertoachieverapid
dissolution,firstchlorbutolisdissolvedinhotwater.During
dissolving,conicalflaskshouldbestopperedtopreventthe
volatisationofchlorbutol.aftercooling,othersaltsaredissolved
andthesolutionshouldbepassedthroughsinteredglassfunnel,
beforemakingthefinalvolumewithwater.
RX
Ephedrinehydrochloride0.1g
Sodiumchloride0.1g
Chlorbutol0.1g
Water……..q.s……20ml
PROCEDURE::
Accuratelyweighthechlorbutolandpowderit.Selectasmallconical
flaskwithsuitablestopper.Inconicalflask,take¾thquantityofwater
andheatto60°Cwithoutputtingthestopper.Addchlorbutoltothehot
waterandquicklyinsertthestopper,preventthevolatsaitionof
chlorbutolandshakewell,solutioncompletesAllowthesolutiontocool
(roomtemperature)andephedrinehydrochlorideandsodiumchloride,
dissolvethembystirringandfilterthesolutionthroughsinteredglass
funnelormuslinclothTransferthefiltratetoameasureandadjustthe
finalvolumewithwater
DISPENSING:Ephedrinehydrochlorideislightsensitive,therefore
transferthesolutiontotheambercoloured,smallglassorplasticbottle
10-15mlcapacity,closeitthoroughlywithrubberclosure,polish,label
andsupplywithdropper
DIRECTION:Tobeinstilledintonostrils,asdirected STORAGE:Storein
acoolanddarkplace.
AUXILLIARYLABEL::
AUXILLIARYLABEL:FOREXTERNALUSEONLYORFORNASALUSE
ONLYNOTTOBEDILUTEDWITHWATERBEFOREUSEDONOTTOUCH
THEDROPPERTIPSTOREINACOOLANDDARKPLACEKEEPAWAY
FROMCHILDREN
USES::
USES:Localapplicationofephedrinehydrochloridetothemucous
membraneofthenosestimulatesthevasoconstrictorsympathetic
nerveendings,henceproducesabalancingoftheareaandareduction
innasalsecretions(nasalcongestions).Ifthemucoussurfaceis
inflamed,ephedrinerelievessymptomsofpainfulswelling.italso
relievesallergicandvasomotorrhinitisandsinusitis,thereforeephedrine
hydrochloridenasaldropsisusedasnasaldecongestant
PHENYLEPHRINEHYDROCHLORIDNASALDROPS:
PHENYLEPHRINEHYDROCHLORIDNASALDROPS
RX
Phenylephrinehydrochloride1.7ml
Sodiummetabisulphite2ml
Sodiumchloride0.12g
Chlorbutol0.1g
Propyleneglycol1ml
Purifiedwater…..q.s………………20ml
THEORY::
 Phenylephrinehydrochlorideisusedasactivedrug,whichactsas
nasaldecongestant.
 Inthispreparationsaltslikephenylephrinehydrochloride,sodium
chlorideandsodiummetabisulphiteareeasilysolubleinwater
.phenylephrineisverysensitivetolightandatmosphericoxygen
,henceitundergoesoxidation.therefore,topreventitsoxidation,
sodiummetabisulphiteisusedasantioxident.
 Sodiumchlorideisusedtoadjusttheisotonicityofthepreparation
andchlorbutolisusedasapreservative.
 propyleneglycolisusedtogiveviscousnaturetothedropsand
actsascosolvent.
 Inpresenceofthesaltslikephenylephrinehydrochloride,sodium
chlorideandsodiummetabisulphite,chlorobutolisveryslowly
solubleinwater.(at60°C)andaftercooling,thedrugandother
ingredientsaredissolved,filterthefinalvolume.
PROCEDURE::
PROCEDURE:Accuratelyweighthechlorbutolandfinelypowderitby
trituration.Selectasmallconicalflaskwithasuitablestopper.Inconical
flasktake¾thquantityofwaterandheatto60°Cwithoutclosing
stopper.Addchlorobutoltothehotwaterandquicklyinsertthestopper
andshakeuntilsolutioncompletes,topreventthevolatisationof
chlorobutolandallowthesolutiontocool(roomtemperature)Tothe
chlorobutolsolution,incorporatephenylephrinehydrochloride,sodium
chloride,sodiummetabisulphite,propyleneglycol,inasequenceand
makesolutionFilterthesolutionthroughamuslinclothorsinteredglass
funnel,toremoveanyforeignparticlespresentoranyundissolved
ingredientifremainingAdjustthefinalvolumebyaddingsufficient
volumeofwater.
DISPENSING:Phenylephrineisverysensitivetotheatmosphericoxygen
andlight,henceitundergoesoxidationreaction.thereforetransferthe
solutiontoalightresistantorplasticbottleof10-15mlcapacity,closeit
tightly,labelandsupplywithadropper.DIRECTION:Tobeinstilledinto
nostrils,asdirected STORAGE:Storeinacoolanddarkplace.
AUXILLIARYLABEL:FOREXTERNALUSEONLYORFORNASALUSE
ONLYNOTTOBEDILUTEDWITHWATERBEFOREUSEDONOTTOUCH
THEDROPPERTIPSTOREINACOOLANDDARKPLACEKEEPAWAY
FROMCHILDREN USES:Phenylephrinenasaldropsisusedasnasal
decongestant.
EARDROPS
•Instillationofdropsintotheauditorycanal
PurposePurposeTreatinfection
Tosoftenearwax
Producelocalanesthesia
Reduceearpain
Killinsectlodgedinauditorycanal
Contraindication•Ruptureoftympanicmembrane
EquipmentEquipment•Bowlofwarmwater•Cottonballs•Gauze
piece•Kidneytray/paperbag•Dropper•Eyemedication
•Explain•Ifthepatientischildoruncooperativeadult,restrainhis
hands•Placethepatientinsidelyingpositionwithheadturnedto
onesidewithaffectedearuppermost•Auditorycanalshouldbe
cleanedbeforeinstillingtheeardrops•Dropsmustbewarmedin
ordertowarmtheeardrops.Placethecontainerinabowlofwarm
waterorrinsethedropper3or4timesinhotwaterandthentakethe
medication
•Drawthemedicationinadropper.Straightenearcanalbypullingear
pinnaupwardandbackwardincaseofadults,downwardand
backwardincaseofchild
•Instillthemedicationdropbydrop3or4trickledownononesideof
thecanal
•Askthepttoremaininsamepositionforfewmts•Plugtheearwith
cottonballorsmallgauzepiece
•Anycomplaintsreporttophysician
•Record
EardropsinstillationforEardropsinstillationforchildrenchildren
Equipment:•Soapandwater•Towel•Washcloth•Medication•
Kidneytray/paperbag
Procedure•
Step1:washhandswithsoapandwater.Drythemwithtowel•Step
2:cleantheoutsideofthechildearusingawarmwashclothorwet
wipe.Removeanycrustingordirt.Don’tinsertanythingintochild’s
ear•Step3:warmthebottleofeardropsiftheweatherorroomis
cold.Rubthebottlebackandforthbetweenpalmstoletthewarmth
ofthebodyheatthebottle
Step4:shakethemedicationifthedirectionsonthebottleindicate
youshoulddoso•
Step5:askthechildtositwithhis/hereartilteduporhavethechild
liedownonhisside•
Step6:insertthedropperinthebottle.Squeezethebulborthetube
attheendofthedropper,thenreleasethebulbtodrawthe
medicationintothedropper
Step7:graspthechildearlobeinonehandtostraightenearlobe.If
thechildisyoungerthan3,pulltheearlobedowntowardtheshoulder
andback,towardthebackofthehead.Ifthechildisolderthan3,pull
theearlobeuptowardthetopoftheheadandbacktowardtheback
ofthehead
Step8:placethenumberofdropsprescribed.Wipeanyexcess
dropsofftheoutsideoftheear•Step9:havethechildremainwith
herheadtiltedorlyingonhersideforfewminutestoallowthedrops
toflowallthwayintotheear